Before we learn about a database, let us understand -
What is Data?
This code is most commonly reclassified to: 8380 – Automobile Service or Repair Center & Drivers, 8018 – Store, Wholesale- NOC, 8010 – Store, Hardware, 8391 – Automobile Repair Shop & Parts Department Employees and Drivers, 3821 – Automobile Recycling and Drivers. It is not uncommon for auto parts stores to both sell and install parts. Quickly search Pull-A-Part's online parts interchange database for a fast, easy way to find your used car parts. Use the dropdown boxes to tell us your location, make, model, year and the name of the used auto part you need. The Parts Interchange database will cross reference our inventory and provide you with a list of parts, even parts from.
In simple words, data can be facts related to any object in consideration. For example, your name, age, height, weight, etc. are some data related to you. A picture, image, file, pdf, etc. can also be considered data.
What is Database?
A database is a systematic collection of data. They support electronic storage and manipulation of data. Databases make data management easy.
Let us discuss a database example: An online telephone directory uses a database to store data of people, phone numbers, and other contact details. Your electricity service provider uses a database to manage billing, client-related issues, handle fault data, etc.
Let us also consider Facebook. It needs to store, manipulate, and present data related to members, their friends, member activities, messages, advertisements, and a lot more. We can provide a countless number of examples for the usage of databases.
Types of Databases
Here are some popular types of databases.
Distributed databases:
A distributed database is a type of database that has contributions from the common database and information captured by local computers. In this type of database system, the data is not in one place and is distributed at various organizations.
Relational databases:
This type of database defines database relationships in the form of tables. It is also called Relational DBMS, which is the most popular DBMS type in the market. Database example of the RDBMS system include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server database.
Object-oriented databases:
This type of computers database supports the storage of all data types. The data is stored in the form of objects. The objects to be held in the database have attributes and methods that define what to do with the data. PostgreSQL is an example of an object-oriented relational DBMS.
Centralized database:
It is a centralized location, and users from different backgrounds can access this data. This type of computers databases store application procedures that help users access the data even from a remote location.
Open-source databases:
This kind of database stored information related to operations. It is mainly used in the field of marketing, employee relations, customer service, of databases.
Cloud databases:
A cloud database is a database which is optimized or built for such a virtualized environment. There are so many advantages of a cloud database, some of which can pay for storage capacity and bandwidth. It also offers scalability on-demand, along with high availability.
Data warehouses:
Data Warehouse is to facilitate a single version of truth for a company for decision making and forecasting. A Data warehouse is an information system that contains historical and commutative data from single or multiple sources. Data Warehouse concept simplifies the reporting and analysis process of the organization.
NoSQL databases:
NoSQL database is used for large sets of distributed data. There are a few big data performance problems that are effectively handled by relational databases. This type of computers database is very efficient in analyzing large-size unstructured data.
Graph databases:
A graph-oriented database uses graph theory to store, map, and query relationships. These kinds of computers databases are mostly used for analyzing interconnections. For example, an organization can use a graph database to mine data about customers from social media.
OLTP databases:
OLTP another database type which able to perform fast query processing and maintaining data integrity in multi-access environments.
Personal database:
A personal database is used to store data stored on personal computers that are smaller and easily manageable. The data is mostly used by the same department of the company and is accessed by a small group of people.
Multimodal database:
The multimodal database is a type of data processing platform that supports multiple data models that define how the certain knowledge and information in a database should be organized and arranged.
Document/JSON database:
In a document-oriented database, the data is kept in document collections, usually using the XML, JSON, BSON formats. One record can store as much data as you want, in any data type (or types) you prefer.
Hierarchical:
This type of DBMS employs the 'parent-child' relationship of storing data. Its structure is like a tree with nodes representing records and branches representing fields. The windows registry used in Windows XP is a hierarchical database example.
Network DBMS:
This type of DBMS supports many-to-many relations. It usually results in complex database structures. RDM Server is an example of database management system that implements the network model.
Database Components
There are five main components of a database:
Hardware:
The hardware consists of physical, electronic devices like computers, I/O devices, storage devices, etc. This offers the interface between computers and real-world systems.
Software:
This is a set of programs used to manage and control the overall database. This includes the database software itself, the Operating System, the network software used to share the data among users, and the application programs for accessing data in the database.
Data:
Data is a raw and unorganized fact that is required to be processed to make it meaningful. Data can be simple at the same time unorganized unless it is organized. Generally, data comprises facts, observations, perceptions, numbers, characters, symbols, images, etc.
Procedure:
Procedure are a set of instructions and rules that help you to use the DBMS. It is designing and running the database using documented methods, which allows you to guide the users who operate and manage it.
Database Access Language:
Database Access language is used to access the data to and from the database, enter new data, update already existing data, or retrieve required data from DBMS. The user writes some specific commands in a database access language and submits these to the database.
What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?
Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enable its users to access databases, manipulate data, report, and represent data. It also helps to control access to the database. Database Management Systems are not a new concept and, as such, had been first implemented in the 1960s.
Charles Bachman's Integrated Data Store (IDS) is said to be the first DBMS in history. With time database, technologies evolved a lot, while usage and expected functionalities of databases increased immensely.
History of Database Management System
Here, are the important landmarks from the history:
- 1960 - Charles Bachman designed first DBMS system.
- 1970 - Codd introduced IBM'S Information Management System (IMS).
- 1976 - Peter Chen coined and defined the Entity-relationship model also know as the ER model.
- 1980 - Relational model becomes a widely accepted database component.
- 1985 - Object-oriented DBMS develops.
- 1990 - Incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMS.
- 1991 - Microsoft ships MS access, a personal DBMS and that displaces all other personal DBMS products.
- 1995 - First Internet database applications.
- 1997 - XML applied to database processing. Many vendors begin to integrate XML into DBMS products.
Advantages of DBMS
- DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data.
- DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using the same data.
- Uniform administration procedures for data.
- Application programmers never exposed to details of data representation and storage.
- A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently.
- Offers Data Integrity and Security.
- The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection against prohibited access to data.
- A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only one user can access the same data at a time.
- Reduced Application Development Time.
Disadvantage of DBMS
DBMS may offer plenty of advantages but, it has certain flaws-
- Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the budget of your organization.
- Most database management systems are often complex systems, so the training for users to use the DBMS is required.
- In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database which can be damaged because of electric failure or database is corrupted on the storage media.
- Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes lead to the loss of some data.
- DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations.
Summary
- Definition of Database or Database meaning: A database is a systematic collection of data. They support electronic storage and manipulation of data. Databases make data management easy.
- DBMS stands for Database Management System
- We have four major types of DBMSs namely Hierarchical, Network, Relational, Object-Oriented
- The most widely used DBMS is the relational model that saves data in table formats. It uses SQL as the standard query language
A spare part, spare, service part, repair part, or replacement part, is an interchangeable part that is kept in an inventory and used for the repair or replacement of failed units. Spare parts are an important feature of logistics engineering and supply chain management, often comprising dedicated spare parts management systems.
Capital spares are spare parts which, although acknowledged to have a long life or a small chance of failure, would cause a long shutdown of equipment because it would take a long time to get a replacement for them.
Spare parts are an outgrowth of the industrial development of interchangeable parts and mass production.
Classification[edit]
In logistics, spare parts can be broadly classified into two groups, repairables and consumables.
Economically, there is a tradeoff between the cost of ordering a replacement part and the cost of repairing a failed part. When the cost of repair becomes a significant percentage of the cost of replacement, it becomes economically favorable to simply order a replacement part. In such cases, the part is said to be 'beyond economic repair' (BER), and the percentage associated with this threshold is known as the BER rate. Analysis of economic tradeoffs is formally evaluated using Level of Repair Analysis (LORA).
Repairable[edit]
Repairable parts are parts that are deemed worthy of repair, usually by virtue of economic consideration of their repair cost. Rather than bear the cost of completely replacing a finished product, repairables typically are designed to enable more affordable maintenance by being more modular. That allows components to be more easily removed, repaired, and replaced, enabling cheaper replacement. Spare parts that are needed to support condemnation of repairable parts are known as replenishment spares .
A rotable pool is a pool of repairable spare parts inventory set aside to allow for multiple repairs to be accomplished simultaneously, which can be used to minimize stockout conditions for repairable items.
Consumable[edit]
Parts that are not repairable are considered consumable parts. Consumable parts are usually scrapped, or 'condemned', when they are found to have failed. Since no attempt at repair is made, for a fixed mean time between failures (MTBF), replacement rates for consumption of consumables are higher than an equivalent item treated as a repairable part. Therefore, consumables tend to be lower-cost items.
Because consumables are lower cost and higher volume, economies of scale can be found by ordering in large lot sizes, a so-called economic order quantity.
Legislation[edit]
There is no UK or EUlegislation which states that spare parts have to be available for any set period of time,[1] but some trade associations require their members to ensure products are not rendered useless because spare parts are not available.[2] The 'six year rule' in the UK Sale of Goods Act 1979 relates to the time period for enforcing claims that goods where defective when sold, not to whether spare parts are available to repair them, and section 23(3) of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 states that a consumer cannot require a trader to repair or replace goods if 'the repair or replacement is impossible', implying that if spare parts are no longer available the consumer's Right to Repair (or to have a spare part supplied) would be lost.[3]
Repair cycle[edit]
From the perspective of logistics, a model of the life cycle of parts in a supply chain can be developed. This model, called the repair cycle, consists of functioning parts in use by equipment operators, and the entire sequence of suppliers or repair providers that replenish functional part inventories, either by production or repair, when they have failed. Ultimately, this sequence ends with the manufacturer. This type of model allows demands on a supply system to ultimately be traced to their operational reliability, allowing for analysis of the dynamics of the supply system, in particular, spare parts.
Inventory management[edit]
Cannibalization[edit]
When stockout conditions occur, cannibalization can result. This is the practice of removing parts or subsystems necessary for repair from another similar device, rather than from inventory. The source system is usually crippled as a result, if only temporarily, in order to allow the recipient device to function properly again. As a result, operational availability is impaired.
Commercial[edit]
Industrialization has seen the widespread growth of commercial manufacturing enterprises, such as the automotive industry, and later, the computer industry. The resulting complex systems have evolved modular support infrastructures, with the reliance on auto parts in the automotive industry, and replaceable computer modules known as field-replaceable units (FRUs).
Military[edit]
Military operations are significantly affected by logistics operations. The system availability, also known as mission capable rate, of weapon systems and the ability to effect the repair of damaged equipment are significant contributors to the success of military operations. Systems that are in a mission-incapable (MICAP) status due lack of spare parts are said to be 'awaiting parts' (AWP), also known as not mission capable due to supply (NMCS).
Because of this sensitivity to logistics, militaries have sought to make their logistics operations as effective as possible, focusing effort on operations research and optimal maintenance. Maintenance has been simplified by the introduction of interchangeable modules known as line-replaceable units (LRUs). LRUs make it possible to quickly replace an unserviceable (failed) part with a serviceable (working) replacement. This makes it relatively straightforward to repair complex military hardware, at the expense of having a ready supply of spare parts.
The cost of having serviceable parts available in inventory can be tremendous, as items that are prone to failure may be demanded frequently from inventory, requiring significant inventory levels to avoid depletion. For military programs, the cost of spare inventory can be a significant portion of acquisition cost.
In recent years, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) has advocated the use of performance-based logistics (PBL) contracts to manage costs for support of weapon systems.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- Service life (lifespan)
References[edit]
- ^UK White Goods, Appliance Spare Parts Availability and the Law, accessed 10 September 2016
- ^What consumer, How long should it last?, accessed 12 September 2016
- ^Consumer Rights Act 2015, section 23(3)
Auto Parts Stores Database Definition History
